Our work – what we do, where we do it and who we do it with can positively impact our wellbeing, but all too often the effects are negative, with some workplaces being considered toxic. These effects have ramifications not just for workers but their families, communities and wider society. However, the relationship between work and wellbeing is two-way. Our wellbeing also impacts our performance at work and at a collective level it also influences organisation performance. This chapter explores evidence for why work matters for wellbeing, why wellbeing is also important for our work and the factors that make most difference, including the vital role leaders and managers play. We share ways positive psychology principles can shape workplaces for the better and how they apply to other forms of worker, such as the self-employed. We also examine the implications of the science of wellbeing for pay systems as a primary, yet often ineffective, source of motivation. Importantly, we discuss why wellbeing in the workplace is a corporate social responsibility. We end the chapter by exploring the future of work and how and why positive psychology and the science of wellbeing should be central to shaping it.
Dan Pink: Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us: RSA Animate
- selfdeterminationtheory.org
- Strengths surveys:
- Values in Action – Online survey: www.viacharacter.org
- Strengths finder 2.0 – Online; Book: Strengths Finder 2.0 by Tom Rath (includes individual survey access code)
- Realise 2
- Richard Ryan & Edward Deci (2017) Self-Determination Theory – Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development and Wellness. Guilford Press.
- Daniel Pink (2011) Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead.
- Kim Cameron & Gretchen Spreitzer (Eds.) (2011) Oxford Handbook of Positive Organisational Scholarship. OUP.
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- Emily Reynolds (2021) Good Time Management Seems To Have A Bigger Impact On Wellbeing Than Work Performance. BPS Research Digest, 15 April 2021.
- Sally Percy (2021) What Leaders Get Wrong About Workplace Wellbeing. Forbes.
- Bridget Grenville-Cleave (2021) How to build wellbeing at work and create thriving, high-performing employees. Business Express.
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The Erik Erikson quotation is cited as a personal memory in Doris Kearns Goodwin’s TED talk (2008) Lessons from past presidents.
Why work matters for wellbeing
- Nicholas Christakis & James Fowler (2009) Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. Little, Brown Spark
- Howard Gardner (Ed.) (2010) The Good Work: Theory and Practice. GoodWork Project.
- OECD (2018) Better Life Index – Work-Life Balance
- John Helliwell, Richard Layard & Jeffrey Sachs (2017) World Happiness Report 2017, p77. Sustainable Development Solutions Network
- Alex Bryson & George MacKerron (2016) Are You Happy While You Work? The Economic Journal, 127(599), 106–125.
- Jan-Emmanuel De Neve (2018) Work and Wellbeing: A Global Perspective. In Global Happiness Council (2018) The Global Happiness Policy Report 2018. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2018) Health & Wellbeing at Work Survey Report 2018. CIPD.
- Business in the Community (2019) Mental Health at Work 2019 Report: Time To Take Ownership. BITC.
Wellbeing is good for work
- Jan-Emmanuel De Neve & George Ward (2017) Happiness at Work. In John Helliwell, Richard Layard & Jeffrey Sachs (2017). World Happiness Report 2017. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Ed Diener, Louise Tay & Cody Xuereb (2013) The Objective Benefits of Subjective Wellbeing. In John Helliwell, Richard Layard & Jeffrey Sachs (2013) World Happiness Report 2013. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- Christian Krekel, George Ward & Jan-Emmanuel De Neve (2017) Employee Wellbeing, Productivity and Firm Performance: Evidence and Case Studies. In Global Happiness Council (2019. Global Happiness Policy Report 2019. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
What makes work good for wellbeing?
- Howard Gardner (Ed.) (2010) The Good Work: Theory and Practice. GoodWork Project.
- Alex Edmans (2011) Does the stock market fully value intangibles? Employee satisfaction and equity prices. Journal of Financial Economics, 101(2011), 621–640.
Wellbeing as a corporate social responsibility
- Wilmar Schaufeli (2019) Keynote Lecture, World Congress of Positive Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
- Wilmar Schaufeli & Toon Taris (2014) A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In George Bauer & Oliver Hämmig (Eds) Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach (43-68). Springer.
The psychological principles at work
1. Feeling connected to others
- John Paul Stephens, Emily Heaphy & Jane Dutton (2012) High Quality Connections. In Gretchen Spreitzer & Kim Cameron (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, (385-399). Oxford University Press.
- Megan Reitz & Michael Chaskalson (2016) How to bring mindfulness to your company’s leadership. Harvard Business Review, December 2016.
2. Autonomy and the importance of managers
- Gavin Slemp, Margaret Kern, Kern Patrick & Richard Ryan (2018) Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. Motivation and Emotion in the Workplace, 42, 706-724.
- Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2018) Health & Wellbeing at Work Survey Report 2018.
- Richard Ryan & Edward Deci (2017) Self-Determination Theory – Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development and Wellness, p534. Guilford Press.
- Edward Deci, Anja Olafsen & Richard Ryan (2017) Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of the Science. Annual Review of Organizational Behaviour 2017, 4, 19-43
3. Feeling competent
- Alex Linley (2008) Average to A+: Realising strengths in yourself and others. CAPP Press.
- Jim Apsland & Nikki Blacksmith (2012) Productivity through Strengths. In Gretchen Spreitzer & Kim Cameron (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, (353-365). Oxford University Press.
- Teresa Amabile & Steven Kramer (2011) The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work. HBS Publishing.
- Carol Dweck (2017) Mindset – changing the way you think to fulfil your potential. Robinson.
- Tom Vander Ark (2018) Hit Refresh: How A Growth Mindset Culture Tripled Microsoft’s Value. Forbes
- Ed Diener, Stuti Thapa & Louise Tay (2020) Positive Emotions at Work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 7.
4. Emotionally positive work environments
- Nicholas Christakis & James Fowler (2009) Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. Little, Brown Spark
- Joyce Bono, Theresa Glomb, Winny Shen, Eugene Kim & Amanda Koch (2013) Building positive resources: Effects of positive events and positive reflection on work-stress and health. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6).
5. Meaning at work
- Amy Edmundsen (2019) The Fearless Organisation: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation and Growth. Wiley.
- Google (2015) Five keys to a successful Google team
- Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2018) Health & Wellbeing at Work Survey Report 2018.
- Business in the Community (2019) Mental Health at Work 2019 Report: Time To Take Ownership.
- Michael Steger (2017) Creating Meaning and Purpose at Work. In Lindsey Oades, Michael Steger, Antonelle Delle Fave & Jonathan Passmore (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Positivity and Strengths-Based Approaches at Work. Wiley Blackwell.
- Shawn Achor, Andrew Reece, Gabriella Rosen Kellerman& Alexi Robichaux (2018) 9 Out of 10 People Are Willing to Earn Less Money to Do More-Meaningful Work. Harvard Business Review, November 6, 2018.
People management processes
- Richard Ryan & Edward Deci (2017) Self-Determination Theory – Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development and Wellness. Guilford Press.
- Gavin Slemp, Margaret Kern, Kern Patrick & Richard Ryan (2018) Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. Motivation and Emotion in the Workplace, 42, 706-724.
The science of wellbeing and the future of work
- Edward Deci, Anja Olafsen & Richard Ryan (2017) Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of the Science. Annual Review of Organizational Behaviour 2017, 4, 19-43
- Sue Roffey (2017) Positive relationships at work. In Lindsey Oades, Michael Steger, Antonelle Delle Fave & Jonathan Passmore (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Positivity and Strengths-Based Approaches at Work. Wiley Blackwell.