Governments and politicians have enormous influence over our lives, yet around the world there has been a marked reduction of trust in both, leading to polarisation and a decline in democratic institutions and values. How can we restore trust, make the political process more effective for citizens and at the same time enhance citizen’s wellbeing? In this chapter we consider why politics is important for wellbeing, why wellbeing research can make a difference to politics and the way it is conducted, and how politics could be changed for the better if positive psychology principles were adopted. We end the chapter by considering the role that governments, communities and individuals might play in creating more a positive political process and system.
Esther Duflo’s Nobel Prize lecture (2019): Field experiments and the practice of policy
Nicola Sturgeon (2019) Why governments should prioritise wellbeing. TED talk.
Mindfulness Event for the European Parliament
Felicia Huppert (2021) How the science of wellbeing can help build resilience: What wellbeing research can tell us about navigating crises. University of Sydney
- Talking Politics (weekly podcast)
- Mark Carney (2020) How we get what we value. BBC: The Reith Lectures 2020.
Download transcripts of the lectures:
1: From Moral to Market Sentiments
2. From Credit Crisis to Resilience
3. From Covid Crisis to Renaissance
4. From Climate Crisis to Real Prosperity
How did we get to here?
- Phillip Bobbitt (2002) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History. Allen Lane. – Explores the relationships between political, legal and constitutional developments, and the move from absolute rulers via nation-states, fascism and communism to constitutional democracies.
- Steven Pinker (2011) The Better Angels of our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and its Causes. Allen Lane.
and Steven Pinker (2017) Has the Decline of Violence Reversed since The Better Angels of Our Nature was Written? [Answer: No!] stevenpinker.com. - George Monbiot (2017) How Did We Get into This Mess?: Where we have gone wrong, and what to do about it. Verso.
Where do we want to be?
- George Monbiot (2003) The Age of Consent: A manifesto for a new world order. Harper Perennial.
- Richard Wilkinson & Kate Pickett:
- The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. (2009) Allen Lane / Penguin.
- The Inner Level: How More Equal Societies Reduce Stress, Restore Sanity and Improve Everyone’s Well-being. (2019) Penguin.
- Will Hutton (2015) How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country. Little, Brown.
- George Monbiot (2017) Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. Verso.
- Joseph Stiglitz (2019) People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent. W.W. Norton
- Mark Carney (2021) Value(s): Building a Better World for All. HarperCollins.
- Matt Hawkins & Jennifer Nadel (Eds.) (2021) How Compassion can Transform our Politics, Economy, and Society. Routledge.
For a comprehensive examination of some of the issues here – and an interesting analysis of how conservative, liberal and socialist thinkers view these ideas – see:
Frank Stilwell (2019) The Political Economy of Inequality. Polity Press
“But when the leaders choose to make themselves bidders at an auction of popularity, their talents, in the construction of the state, will be of no service. They will become flatterers instead of legislators; the instruments, not the guides, of the people. If any of them should happen to propose a scheme of liberty, soberly limited, and defined with proper qualifications, he will be immediately outbid by his competitors, who will produce something more splendidly popular. Suspicions will be raised of his fidelity to his cause. Moderation will be stigmatized as the virtue of cowards; and compromise as the prudence of traitors; until, in hopes of preserving the credit which may enable him to temper, and moderate, on some occasions, the popular leader is obliged to become active in propagating doctrines, and establishing powers, that will afterwards defeat any sober purpose at which he ultimately might have aimed.”
― Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France
Barack Obama (2004) Keynote address at the Democratic National Convention, recorded by the New York Times, on 27th July 2004
Why is politics important for wellbeing?
- Katherine Gehl & Michael Porter (2017) Why competition in the politics industry is failing America: A strategy for reinvigorating our democracy. Harvard Business School Report.
- Ipsos (2019) Trust in professions – veracity index 2019.
- 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Covid-19 Pandemic
- Opinium (2020) opinium.com/resource-center/public-opinion-on-coronavirus-13th-may/.
A later version of that survey: opinium.com/resource-center/public-opinion-on-coronavirus-26th-august/ - Tim Lomas (2015) Positive cross-cultural psychology: Exploring similarity and difference in constructions and experiences of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4).
- Tim Lomas (2017) Positive politics: Left-wing versus right-wing policies, and their impact on the determinants of wellbeing. In The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Positive Psychology (pp. 351-367). Routledge.
- John Helliwell, Richard Layard & Jeffrey Sachs (2019) World Happiness Report 2019. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- Global Happiness and Wellbeing Policy Report 2019: happinesscouncil.org/report/2019/
Some political systems are more conducive to flourishing
- Sean Wojcik, Arpine Hovasapian, Jesse Graham, Matt Motyl & Peter Ditto (2015) Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness. Science, 347(6227), 1243-1246.
- Jaime Napier & John Jost (2008) Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, 19(6), 565-572.
- Robert MacCulloch (2018) How political systems and social welfare policies affect wellbeing: A literature review. In Ed Diener, Shigehiro Oishi, & Louis Tay (Eds.), Handbook of wellbeing. DEF Publishers.
- Network of Wellbeing Economy Governments: wellbeingeconomy.org/wego-new
- Nicola Sturgeon (2019) Why governments should prioritise wellbeing. TED talk.
- New Zealand Government (2019) New Zealand Budget Policy Statement.
How can politics promote wellbeing?
- Jeremy Frimer & Linda Skitka (2018) The Montagu Principle: Incivility decreases politicians’ public approval, even with their political base. Journal of personality and social psychology.
- Richard Lau, Lee Sigelman & Ivy Brown Rovner (2007) The effects of negative political campaigns: A meta-analytic reassessment. The Journal of Politics, 69, 1176–1209.
How can wellbeing promote better politics?
- Patricia Thomas (2009) Is it better to give or to receive? Social support and the well-being of older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65(3), 351–357.
- Ed Diener, Samantha Heintzelman, Kostadin Kushlev, Louis Tay, Derrick Wirtz, Leslie Lutes & Shigehiro Oishi (2017) Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/psychologie canadienne, 58(2), 87.
- Change.org (2019) change.org/l/uk/the-people-power-index-methodology
- Shigehiro Oishi & Ed Diener (2014). Can and should happiness be a policy goal? Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 195-203.
- Martine Durand (2018) Countries’ experiences with well-being and happiness metrics. OECD
- Karma Ura, Sabina Alkire & Tshoki Zangmo (2008) A Short Guide to Gross National Happiness Index. The Centre for Bhutan Studies.
- Anthony Petrosino, Carolyn Turpin-Petrosino & John Buehler (2003) Scared Straight and other juvenile awareness programs for preventing juvenile delinquency: A systematic review of the randomized experimental evidence The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 589(1), 41-62.
Positive political communication
- Global Mindfulness Initiative: themindfulnessinitiative.org/global-political-network.
- Rachel Lilley, Mark Whitehead, Rachel Howell, Rhys Jones & Jessica Pykett (2016) Mindfulness, behaviour change and engagement in environmental policy: An evaluation. Aberystwyth University.
- Rachel Lilley & Mark Whitehead (2019) Does mindfulness in politics make any difference? Open Democracy.
- Luke Wreford & Paula Haddock (2019) Mindfulness and Social Change. Open Democracy.
- Compassion in Politics (2019) Polling to date, June 2019.
- Meredith Taylor Long (2016) Compassion in Red and Blue: The Politics of who Cares about Whom.
- World Values Survey: worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp
Grassroots politics
- Abahlali baseMjondolo: abahlali.org
- BBC Storyville (2021) I am Greta.
- Prada fur boycott: bbc.co.uk/news/business-48370370
- Involve: involve.org.uk (UK’s leading public participation charity whose mission is to put people at the heart of decision making)
Making change happen
- Jaideep Prabhu (2021). How should a government be? The new levers of state power. Profile Books
Changing the voting system
- Ben Seyd, John Curtice & Jonathan Rose (2018) How might reform of the political system appeal to discontented citizens? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(2), 263-284.
- Information about PR systems: makevotesmatter.org.uk/mythbusting
Involving citizens in policy and decision-making
- Ireland citizen’s assembly: citizensassembly.ie/en/
- America in One Room: helena.org/projects/america-in-one-room
- Stanford University Center for Deliberative Democracy: cdd.stanford.edu/
- James Fishkin (2009) When the people speak: Deliberative democracy and public consultation. OUP.
- David Mair, Laura Smillie, Giovanni La Placa, Florian Schwendinger, Milena Raykovska, Zsuzsanna Pasztor & Rene van Bavel (2019) Understanding our political nature: How to put knowledge and reason at the heart of political decision-making. European Commission, Joint Research Centre EUR, 29783.
- George Monbiot (2017) Out of the wreckage: A new politics for an age of crisis. Verso Books.
People powered change
- MoveOn: moveon.org/
- 38 Degrees: 38degrees.org.uk/
GetUp! getup.org.au/ - Avaaz: avaaz.org
- Change.org: change.org/about